Political Issues Raised by Information Systems

Political Issues Raised by Information Systems What ethical, social, and political issues are raised by information systems? Ethics refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents use to make choices to guide their behavior. Information technology and information systems raise new ethical questions for both individuals and societies because they create opportunities for intense social change. Like other technologies, such as steam engines, electricity, telephone and radio, information technology can be used to achieve social progress, but it can also be used to commit crimes and threaten cherished social values. The development of information technology will produce benefits for many and costs for others. Ethical, social and political issues are closely linked. The ethical dilemma you may face as a manager of an information system typically is reflected in social and political debate. Privacy is the claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals or organizations. Claims to privacy are also involved at the workplace; millions of employees are subject to electronic and other forms of high tech surveillance. Information technology and systems threaten individual claims to privacy by making the invasion of privacy cheap, profitable and effective. In Europe, privacy protection is much more stringent than in the US. European countries do not allow businesses to use personally identifiable information without consumers prior consent. The directive requires companies to inform people when they collect information about them and to disclose how it will be stored and used. Customers must provide their informed consent before any company can legally use data about them, and they have the right to access that information, correct it, and request that no further data be collected. Informed consent can be defined as consent given with the knowledge of all the facts needed to make a rational decision. EU member nations must translate these principles into their own laws and cannot transfer personal data to countries such as the US that dont have similar privacy protection regulations. The Internet introduces technology that poses new challenges to the protection of individual privacy that the original FIP principles have been inadequate in addressing. Information sent over this vast network of networks may pass through many different computer systems before it reaches its final destination. Each of these systems is capable of monitoring, capturing and storing communications that pass through it. Contemporary information systems have severely challenged existing law and social practices that protect private intellectual property. Intellectual property is considered to be intangible property created by individuals or corporations. Information technology has made it difficult to protect intellectual property because computerized information can be so easily copied or distributed on networks. Intellectual property is subject to a variety of protections under 3 different legal traditions: trade secrets, copyright and patent law. Contemporary information technologies especially software, pose a sever challenge to existing intellectual property regimes and therefore, create significant ethical, social and political issues. Digital media differ from books, periodicals, and other media in terms of ease of replication, ease of transmission, ease of alteration, difficulty in classifying a software work as a program, book or even music, making theft easy, and difficulties in establishing uniqueness. The proliferation of electronic networks, including the Internet, has made it even more difficult to protect intellectual property. Before widespread use of networks copies of software, books, magazine articles or films had to be stored on physical media such as paper, computer disks or videotapes creating some hurdles to distribution. Using networks, information can be more widely reproduced and distributed. With the www in particular, one can easily copy and distribute virtually anything to thousands and even millions of people around the world, even if they are using different types of computer systems. Information can be illicitly copied from one place and distributed through other systems and networks even though these parties do not willingly participate in the infringement. Mechanisms are being developed to sell and distribute books, articles and other intellectual property on the Internet, and some copyright protection is being provided by the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) of 1998. The DMCA implements a world intellectual property organization treaty that makes it illegal to circumvent technology-based protections of copyrighted materials. ISPs (Internet Service Providers) are required to take down sites of copyright infringers that they are hosting once they are notified of the problem. Most experts agree that the current intellectual property laws are breaking down in the information age. The ease with which software and digital content can be copied contributes to making us a society of lawbreakers. These routine thefts threaten significantly to reduce the speed with which new information technologies can and will be introduced, therefore threatening further advances in productivity and social well-being. The main property-related political issue concerns the creation of new property protection measures to protect investments made by creators of new software, digital books and digital information. SIIA (Software and Information Industry Association) lobbies for new laws and enforcement of existing laws to protect intellectual property around the world. It runs an antipiracy hotline for individuals to report piracy activities and educational programs to help organizations combat software piracy. Many new technologies in the industrial era have created new opportunities for committing crime. Technologies, including computers, create new valuable items to steal, new ways to steal them and new ways to harm others. Computer crime is the commission of illegal acts through the use of a computer or against a computer system. In general, it is employees who have inflicted the most injurious computer crimes because they have the knowledge, access, and frequently a job related motive to commit such crimes. All nations in Europe and the US have an act making it illegal to access a computer system without authorization. Other existing legislation covering wiretapping, fraud and conspiracy by any means, regardless of technology employed is adequate to cover computer crimes committed thus far. The internets ease of use and accessibility has created new opportunities for computer crime and abuse. One widespread form of abuse is spamming in which organizations or individuals send out thousands and even hundreds of thousands of unsolicited email and electronic messages. This practice has been growing because it only costs a few cents to send thousands of messages advertising ones wares to Internet users. Finally, I think that the new worldwide sites and software give you more freedom to access what you are looking for. It can be use in a proper way and also in a wrong way. For global business is necessary to be in touch with people from other countries and cultures, and the only way to protect your business or even your personal information is to restrict the access of this important information to only a few group of people, and to be sure that they are managing this with a lot of responsibility. Thats what most of the companies do in their organization.

Conflict Management Essay

Conflict management refers to the long-term management of intractable conflicts. It is the label for the variety of ways by which people handle grievances — standing up for what they consider to be right and against what they consider to be wrong. Those ways include such diverse phenomena as gossip, ridicule, lynching, terrorism, warfare, feuding, genocide, law, mediation, and avoidance. Which forms of conflict management will be used in any given situation can be somewhat predicted and explained by the social structure — or social geometry — of the case. Conflict management is often considered to be distinct from conflict resolution. In order for actual conflict to occurr, there should be an expression of exclusive patterns, and tell why the conflict was expressed the way it was. Conflict is not just about simple inaptness, but is often connected to a previous issue. The latter refers to resolving the dispute to the approval of one or both parties, whereas the former concerns an ongoing process that may never have a resolution. Neither is it considered the same as conflict transformation, which seeks to reframe the positions of the conflict parties. Scientific studies Scientific study of conflict management (also known as social control) owes its foundations to Donald Black, who typologized its elementary forms and used his strategy of pure sociology to explain several aspects of its variation. Research and theory on conflict management has been further developed by Allan Horwitz, Calvin Morill, James Tucker, Mark Cooney, M.P. Baumgartner, Roberta Senechal de la Roche, Marian Borg, Ellis Godard, Scott Phillips, and Bradley Campbell. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach and avoiding semantic discussions, we could also state that the father of conflict management is Thomas C. Schelling, an American economist and Nobel Prize winner, who authored the Strategy of Conflict in 1960. Schelling’s main goal was to lay the foundation for a theory of conflict that would include the fields of economics, psychology, sociology and the law. Conflict is an omnipresent trait of human societies since it is almost impossible to find two parties with entirely overlapping interests, thus a general theory for bargaining and negotiation to address conflict is useful not only in the field of international politics or business management, but also at the personal and intimate level. Counseling When personal conflict leads to frustration and loss of efficiency, counseling may prove to be a helpful antidote. Although few organizations can afford the luxury of having professional counselors on the staff, given some training, managers may be able to perform this function. Nondirective counseling, or â€Å"listening with understanding†, is little more than being a good listener — something every manager should be. [1] Sometimes the simple process of being able to vent one’s feelings — that is, to express them to a concerned and understanding listener, is enough to relieve frustration and make it possible for the frustrated individual to advance to a problem-solving frame of mind, better able to cope with a personal difficulty that is affecting his work adversely. The nondirective approach is one effective way for managers to deal with frustrated subordinates and co-workers.[2] There are other more direct and more diagnostic ways that might be used in appropriate circumstances. The great strength of the nondirective approach (nondirective counseling is based on the client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers), however, lies in its simplicity, its effectiveness, and the fact that it deliberately avoids the manager-counselor’s diagnosing and interpreting emotional problems, which would call for special psychological training. No one has ever been harmed by being listened to sympathetically and understandingly. On the contrary, this approach has helped many people to cope with problems that were interfering with their effectiveness on the job.[2] References 1. ^ Henry P Knowles; Bà ¶rje O Saxberg (1971). Personality and leadership behavior. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.. Chapter 8. OCLC 118832. 2. ^ a b Richard Arvid Johnson (1976). Management, systems, and society : an introduction. Pacific Palisades, Calif.: Goodyear Pub. Co.. pp. 148–142. ISBN 0876205406 9780876205402. OCLC 2299496. Kellett, Peter M. Conflict Dialogue. London: Sage Publications, 2007 External links †¢ Conflict Management Articles – A collection of Conflict Management Articles †¢ Peace Forge -A wiki dedicated to best practices in peace and conflict resolution †¢ Search For Common Ground – One of the world’s largest non-government organisations dedicated to conflict resolution †¢ CUNY Dispute Resolution Consortium- The Dispute Resolution Headquarters in New York City. See also †¢ Conflict resolution †¢ Conflict atlas †¢ Conflict style inventory You can’t avoid conflict in your life, at home, at work, and even at play. Wherever people interact, there is a potential for conflict. That’s not bad news because good things can arise, and relationships can improve through conflict, provided conflict is managed with thought and attention. The bad news is that most of us are fairly limited in how we manage and resolve conflict situations, often throwing gasoline on the fire. It doesn’t have to be that way. We’ve gathered together the best and most useful free online resources and tools to help you manage and cope with conflict more effectively. Whether you want to learn about conflict at work, between siblings, within the family, or any other context, you’ll be sure to find help on these pages. Originally created for our own research purposes, we decided to publish the directory so others could use it. New conflict material is added weekly, so make sure to subscribe to our update newsletter. Customer Service (75) new A major part of providing good customer service involves dealing effectively with angry, dissatisfied, or just plan difficult customers. Here you’ll find suggestions about how to deal with those tough customer service, and customer conflict situations. (Call Centers) (Suggested Books) Difficult People (53) new Difficult people can drive you nuts, and if you’re difficult, you may be driving others nuts. Learn more about what makes difficult people tick, and how to deal with different kinds of difficult people behaviors. (Discussion Lists) (Suggested Books) Diversity and Multicultural Issues (73) Learn about diversity and culture, how to create diverse organizations, and increase your understanding of the links between diversity, culture and conflict. Practical suggestions about resolution of conflict that is linked to culture. (Suggested Books) (Doing Business Abroad) Emotional Intelligence (37) Free articles and papers related to Emotional Intelligence, Goleman, and others. Facilitation (21) new Articles about the faciliating process in groups and dyads and about facilitators Family Conflict – Parents and Children (35) new Parents and children often come into conflict over large and small issues, regardless of age of the children. Learn more about dealing with conflicts between parents and children from these resources. Family Conflict – Sibling Disagreements (20) new Conflict with brothers and sisters is a natural process, and occurs in every family. Learn more about conflict between siblings and sibling rivalry and how to deal with it. Fighting Fair (16) Sometimes it’s not whether you win or lose an argument but how you act during an argument that dictates a positive or negative outcome. Learn to â€Å"fight fair† during disagreements and conflict. Labor Law (23)

TMM Brain Storming

Find out In the beginning of the class If the students had done any prior preparations to learn that lesson and encourage such students. 3. Help the students make a smooth transition from +2 Make the students aware that the study pattern Is entirely to (NSA) 4. Different from what they were following in the last 12 years. They should be mentally prepared to adopt a new teaching style and learning process. 5. When students get good results, they must receive some positive strokes and visible appreciation. Increase the Library hours so that students get more time for REAL research . Tidies. Check if they are using it properly. 7. Allocate specific time in the time table for student- teacher interaction on a one to one basis. 8. Encourage and educate students to respect all faculties whether they teach them or not. 9. Do not criticize students in public unless there is a sufficient reason. 10. Do not do anything which would bring down the self esteem and morale of the students. 11. Best teachers (Communicators) should be allocated for the first years. 12. Teachers need to pay undivided attention Just for academic matters. Unfortunately today they re involved in several extracurricular activities like collection of fees, uniforms, dress, sandals, collection of records from the press, taking quotations etc. 13. Curriculum meeting should be conducted every month on a FIXED date in a PROPER manner so that the coordinators are fully equipped. 14. In the clinical, teachers must be given a control over the students than the staff nurse. In the present scenario, staff nurses enforce their work on our students. 15. Special meeting with the parents of weaker students must be conducted more frequently.Change the teaching method – student friendly. Make sure they understand the topic properly. 16. Increase interaction with the students- use Sacramental method of using more questions and make them think. Plan Discussion classes Instead of lecturing classes. 17. Prepare power point presentations In a professional manner. 18. Prepare proper lesson plan and get approval from the concerned person. 19. Assign an Internal faculty to assist or follow up the external faculty. 20. All the faculty should be given training In modern techniques of communication. 21. Equip the students to WRITE the exam properly.Some students write the correct answers, but give wrong embers, and then they wont get marks. They make a lot of such mistakes. They should be given proper orientation before they go for the exams. 22. Class co teach a subject or not. Then they can build up a close knit relationship and maintain it all the time. When the students face with a problem, then it is easy for them to approach that person. This is the time, these students face a lot of psychological, behavioral, hormonal issues and they badly need a mentor and a counselor whom they can trust completely. 23.Plan the curriculum for each year at least two months n advance so that teachers will k now their responsibilities properly. Short notice planning is creating a lot of tensions and problems. Once you plan it, go strict about implementing it. Do not change it as your mood changes. It creates problem for those who are forced to implement it. 24. Faculty should develop a culture of completing their works in the stipulated time. It should not be postponed or kept pending. 25. Find out the weak students in the first quarter itself and plan some special activities for them. Give them more study time if needed, avoiding clinical once in a while. 6. Conduct minimum of three PTA meeting every year. 27. Students who have not cleared I and II year exams should be withheld from Ill year classes and clinical. (Parents to be convinced). 28. There should not be any discrimination between B. Sc and M. Sc faculty. A We Feeling should be created. Conduct all – staff meeting every month. 29. Academic programs should not be interfered by Conferences or Workshops. 30. Disciplinary a ctions should be made without any delay. 31. Students should not be overburdened with extra money collection in various heads. 32. One staff: 10 students family should be created.There should be a mix of brighter as well as weaker students in the group. They should help each other in all matters. There can be even a healthy competition between the groups. Brighter students should help weaker ones to go up the ladder. In the hostel, 5 adjacent rooms can be provided for them. 33. Students must be given opportunities to get engaged in non curricular as well as entertainment programs once in a while. They should not feel that TM CON is a prison and the staffs are kill Joys. 34. Non academic activities are the unidentified ‘hole' in the result bucket. 35.Conduct weakly revision followed by a one hour test on Monday. 36. As far as possible, do not make any changes in our academic master rotation plan for 52 weeks so that the implementation would be more effective. 37. Make the stude nts clear their doubts in the class itself or immediately after the class. Teachers should be available for that. 38. Help the students to adjust the timings and write the answers according to the marks. 39. Constantly appreciate the students and staff for all the good things comes from them. 40. Students Just mugging up the lecture notes and answer key is not advisable.Engage them in some small projects and assignments in their subjects. For the concern of the Management 41. Revise the admission criteria. Consider only those who have more than 70% marks in + 2. Those who got less than that are not fit for the present standards of KUAKA. We are trying to help a family by giving admission to this course. But ultimately we are putting that family in more grief and financial crisis. 42. A student who scores high marks in +2 may not be having any interest or caliber to pursue nursing studies. So strict scrutinizing should be done at the time of admission. 3.The present system of aptitud e test is quiet inadequate to evaluate their interest. It is simply a bunch of questions on physics, Chem.. , Bio, English and Bible. Hardly changed. 44. Let the board create an opportunity for the students to express their assessment and evaluation on their studies or any other topics. We realized that the Chairman and others in the board sat with students during a couple of lunch sessions was very encouraging for them. 45. Reduce the workload of students in the hospital. 46. Arrange faculty welfare programmer regularly without affecting academic aerogramme to relieve them from stress and burn out. 7. Minimize the external faculty for the first year. If needed find out those who can properly communicate to the fresher. Avoid Hi if – trainers. Students are new to the system and atmosphere. Several of them are from Malaysia medium. When they do not understand the teachers hi if stuff, they get mentally dejected. They are scare to express it to anybody. And thus their morale an d confidence level goes down. Their first impression about the course is that it is a hazardous task. That impression lasts throughout. So we need to create a very good first impression to them. 8.Arrange personality development classes like: Effective Time management, How to study well, Goal, How to get out of Exam Phobia, How to prepare for and write exams etc†¦ 49. A forum for expression should be given. It is good if it is a confidential. This is for the first time we get an opportunity to express our thoughts in the last 10 years. So keep a locked box in the reception area so that students, their parents and even the faculty in the college can write and put their suggestions. Either President or Secretary of the College Board only should be able to open it. 50.A big number of he faculty are uncomfortable in the campus due to various reasons. Provide a comfortable and peaceful environment for the faculty to work. Avoid situations which create unwanted stress from superiors in the college. 51. Unnecessary interferences of higher authority (in the campus) even in minute things should be avoided. Faculty should be given certain amount of freedom with an aim of the betterment of the institution in mind. 52. Very often teachers are being called to Principals office during class time. This should be avoided. Otherwise we lose the concentration and the flow.Sometimes we come back with a different mental set up. So avoid such interferences. 53. Individuality of the teachers should be considered. They have their own status. Do not treat them as mere subordinator. 54. When teaching faculty are in some trouble, help them to solve it instead of making it more complicated. More than the money, the Staff should get a Job satisfaction and mental peace. Create such an atmosphere in the campus. 55. Faculty should not be scolded in front of others (Students, parents and other faculty). If the principal or the board wants to say something to the staff, it should be done personally and privately.Avoid ego clashes. 56. At times, I had felt that I am still in a Barbarian era, where there is no concern for one another. Treat others with some respect. TM Con had a family atmosphere in the beginning. That feeling should come back. Faculty, right from the principal to the Junior most should sit together and discuss. Authorities should be willing to accept a good suggestion even if it comes from the Junior most. Faculty should get a listening ear. 57. A good working atmosphere would motivate both the students and faculty. A stressful atmosphere will force you to look always for n opportunity to get out.You feel like working more hard when you own it. A come back to the good old days. 58. More such barnstorming sessions should be arranged with heterogeneous group of people such as two students from each nursing batch, one from M Sc batch, Administrator, Wardens etc and they can be give these points as a background and make them answer to the same old quest ion. 59. We must provide more recreational facilities to the students. 60. Children who come out of their homes need comfort from their parents. So arrange telephones so that they can call their parents and talk to them.

Scarlet Letter Analysic- Form, Plot, Tone, Essay - 607 Words

Scarlet Letter Analysis Form, Structure and Plot: The structure that Hawthorne puts the Scarlet Letter is very tight, and is in essentially three parts, each revolving around the scaffold. The first scaffold scene, Hester confesses her sin of adultery to the crowd in the light of day. The second scaffold scene takes place in the middle of the book at night; it is the climax of the plot. Dimmesdale climbs onto the scaffold, and asks for Hester and Pearl to join him. This is not a confession, as there are no witnesses, except for Chillington. The third scaffold scene is at the end of the novel. Here, Dimmesdale is on the scaffold, with Hester and Pearl. It is light out, and they are speaking to a crowd. Here, Dimmesdale confesses his sin.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"His face darkened with some powerful emotion, which, nevertheless, he instantaneously controlled by an effort of his will, that, save at a singly moment, its expression might have passed for calmness.† The majority of the sentence i s secondary structure. There are two primary- â€Å"his face darkened† and â€Å"he controlled.† The primary structure allows us to understand what is happening at the moment, while the secondary allows us to see an image of what Hawthorne was trying to get across- cynicism. With the first part of the sentence- â€Å"his face darkened with some powerful emotion†, he can imagine his expression growing into a scowl, the air around him darkening as he meets eyes with Hester. Tone: The tone in The Scarlet Letter is moralizing, impassioned, formal, and skeptical. The narrator of the story pretends to be unbiased, although it is blatantly obvious he does not think highly of Puritans. He often spends one to two paragraphs discussing the problems he has with Puritan society, or a law that had effect at the time. Bibliography Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet letter. New York: Barnes Noble Childrens Classics, 2001. Print. SparkNotes: The Scarlet Letter: Context. SparkNotes: Todays Most Popular Study Guides. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2011. . The Scarlet Letter Hypocrisy Quotes. Shmoop: Homework Help, Teacher Resources, Test Prep. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2011.

All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarche

All Quiet on the Western Front is a fictional war novel written by Erich Maria Remarque which follows the main character Paul Baumer, a German solider in World War I. Paul, the nineteen year old protagonist, narrates the novel as he and his classmates fight on the German and French front. The young men volunteer to join the German army after being persuaded by the nationalist words of their teacher, Kantorek. After only fighting for two weeks, eighty men remain in the company of the once one hundred and fifty men. Paul, Kropp, and Muller then go to visit Kemmerich, a friend of theirs from school, in the hospital. He was wounded in combat resulting in the amputating of his leg. Seeing that Kemmerich is going to die and no longer needs the new boots that he has, Muller asks to have them but Kemmerich refuses. When Paul later goes back to the hospital, Kemmerich dies and Paul takes his boots to Muller. Because of the large number of soldiers who are dying, new recruits are sent to join the company. Paul is given seventeen days of leave in which he visits his family. When he returns home, he feels out of place and is not comfortable sharing his awful combat experiences with others. His mother is sick and dying of cancer as his father is struggling to pay for her care. Paul also finds out that Kantorek, his teacher from school, was forced to become a German soldier. This pleases Paul because Kantorek now has to actually experience the tragic events of the war firsthand like the

Immigration Reform in the USA and Moral Knowledge Essay

It is often said that the United States of America is a country of immigrants, also referred to as a melting pot. In fact, majority of people today can say that they are children of immigrants. Every year, countless of people arrive from their native land to America, with the hopes of rebuilding a better life and future for themselves and their family. Are they to blame? It is even stated in the national anthem, which is always sung with great pride and passion, â€Å"O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave†. But how free is this country? Free enough to enter at will? For years, immigration laws have remained a problem in the United States, as the government tries to reform such policies in order to control the growth of the†¦show more content†¦Before discussing this passage further, it is important to understand what the word sojourn means. According to Dr. Stephen Steinlight, a senior policy analyst for the Center for Immigration Studies, he stat es that â€Å"sojourn† is a Hebrew term meaning temporary stay (Edwards, 2009). A sojourner in this passage refers to a foreigner, who in this case also means an immigrant. The next question to tackle is what does the bible say about the issue surrounding immigration? The interpretation of this passage is to welcome those who are foreign to this country with open arms, and to care for and love them as our own, for we too were once strangers in this land. In fact, the Unites States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2003) declares that, â€Å"the first duty is to welcome the foreigner out of charity and respect for the human person. Persons have the right to immigrate and thus government must accommodate this right to the greatest extent possible, especially financially blessed nations†. In this statement by the catholic bishops of the United States, it is clear that they have prioritized welcoming immigrants and providing to their needs, since it is the first duty. As a principal and leading country in the world, the United States is one of the many called on to accommodate to those foreign to this country, since it is also the right of these people to moveShow MoreRelated Debating Immigration Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesDebating Immigration Immigration is the movement of people into another nation with the intention of living there permanently. After a four centuries of immigration have passed and people have moved from region to region, the breeding of different races has caused there to be over two thousand different races. The social construction of stereotypes has a far greater impact on race. 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The global manager should be knowledgeable of these dimensions and adapt accordingly. 3.1 Communication: The global manager, in order to success in this fast paced world, he should have adequate knowledge of communicating with its counterpart. The people from different culture speak differently. The high and low context of communication style of English speaking Canadian and French speaking Canadian. Canadian people tend to be very reserved. Both

Tax Law Australian investors

Question: Describe about the Tax Law for Australian Investors. Answer: Solution 1 The difference between the acquisition cost of capital gain tax asset and the capital proceeds is termed as capital gain. There are three manners in which the calculation of capital gain done, they are (Ato.gov.au, 2016): Discount method: application of same is 12 months prior to event of capital gain tax; Indexation method: applied at the time of acquiring of assets prior to September 21and should have been held for at least 12 months prior to the event of capital tax gain; and Residual method: applied when assets have been held for a period less than 12 months. Items which are exempted from gain on capital assets sale are those properties which have been acquired prior to 20th September 1985 being (i) sale of house of residence, (ii) cars, (iii) amount which have been reimbursed for some kind of injury, and (iv) collectable item acquired for an amount being less than $ 500. The losses that arise from Capital Gain can either be set off or carried forward when (a) there is capital loss which is long term, this type of loss is set off against capital gain which is long term, no other type of set off can be done with it; and (b) capital loss that is short term can be set off either from long-term capital gain or from short term. (i) Mr. Dave Solomon in the given situation was a resident for 30 years in the building which had been purchased by him for $ 70,000. Later in 27th June present tax year, he sold it for $ 8, 50,000 which was sold originally at the auction and advance money of $85,000 was paid. Since later the purchase did not go through due to lack of funds . Hence, there was forfeiture of the amount and the $85,000 was therefore charged as "Income from other sources." Capital Gain Calculation Proceed with Sale $8, 65,000 Exemption under CST I.E. Family Income definition Long Term Capital Gain (LTCG) $ 0 (ii) Pro-hart painting purchased for $ 15,000 on 20th September, 1985, sold for $1, 25,000. Calculation of Capital Gain Proceed from Sale $ 1, 25,000 (Minus) Indexed Acquisition Cost 15,000 x 123.4/71.3 $ 25,961 LTCG $150,961 (iii) Purchase of luxury motor cruiser during late 2004 for $ 1, 10,000, sold later for $ 60,000 June present year. Calculation of Capital Gain Proceed from Sale $ 60,000 (Minus) Indexed Acquisition Cost $ 1,10,000 Long Term Capital Loss (LTCP) $ 50,000 (iv) A parcel of shares was sold by him for $ 80,000 of a mining company listed newly in the current year June 5th, later for repurchase he took a loan of $ 70,000 and $5,000 interest thereon was paid by him. Sale brokerage and stamp duty he paid $750 and $250 respectively. Interest on loan under taxation law is not part of acquisition thus, same is not included (Ato.gov.au, 2016). Part I Calculation of Capital Gain Proceed with Sale $ 80,000 (Minus) Brokerage $75,000 (Minus) Stamp duty $250 Short Term Capital Loss (STCL) $ 4,000 Total Capital Gain in the year is: LTCG Residential Property Sale $ 0 LTCG Painting Sale $ 1, 50,961 LTCL Boat Sale $ 50,000 STCL $ 4,000 LTCG $ 1,00,961 The previous year tax return of Mr. Dave indicates capital loss due to the sale of shares . Thus, this amount gets adjusted with LTCG. Therefore: LTCG Net for present years- $ 1, 00,961-$10,000 = $ 90,961 Part II Tax is required to be paid for the gain which arises due the capital assets' sale since capital gain asset is a part of the income assessed of an assessed and this would be for the year of the sale. On the sale of asset Mr. Dove has thus earned a gain. He, therefore, can contribute to the fund of personal superannuation. Relevant records have to be kept of all major and important transactions (Ato.gov.au, 2016). Part III Summation of all the loss due to capital sale asset including that in the previous year is Net Capital Loss. It can only be set off against the capital gain in subsequent years and not income from other sources and thus has to be carried forward. If there is no positive capital gain that Dave has he shall either acquire the loan or continue selling his assets so that contribution can be made to personal superannuation fund (Fund). Later he can rent an apartment, and tax-free income can be withdrawn from the Fund after next year when he is 60 (Ato.gov.au, 2016). Solution 2 Part I There are certain benefits that Periwinkle Private Limited has given to Emma such as a Car that she can use for both personal and professional which the company bought on 1st May 2005 for $ 33,000. Expenses that were incurred by Emma due to this case being $ 550 (for repairs) the company reimbursed. She was also given a loan of $ 5, 00,000 on 1st September 2015 for purchasing a $ 4, 50,000 at 4.45%. The balance of this amount was given to her spouse for buying shares in Telstra. She also purchased a bathtub sold to the public for $2600 at $ 13, 00 and the cost of the company towards the bathtub was $700. The tax that an employer pays for benefits given to the employee is Fringe Benefit tax, and this is applied to benefits that are non-cash. Exemptions to this fringe benefit tax are (i) loan(s), (ii) work-related expenses; (iii) benefits which have less than $ 300 taxable value; (iv) car provided to staff provide that it is used for work-related purposes; (v) housing allowance for house in remote areas; and (vi) expenses for relocation. If the car that has been provided to the employee is used for any personal purposes, then it will be a fringe benefit and will be taxable under Fringe Benefits Tax, and hence, the tax would be computed on this. If however it is only for less than three months that this car is provided then it cannot be calculated under fringe benefit tax. Thus, the car which has been provided to Emily is a fringe benefit; it is garaged not with the employer but with Emma. However at the time when the car is at a garage as per Fringe Benefits, it excluded from being the car used for personal purposes. There are two methods by which Fringe benefit can be calculated (i) Cost Basis Method and (ii) Statutory formula application. Proceed from Sale $ 60,000 Cars Base Value $33,000 Period for which car is provided =335-5 = 3 Base value of the car $33,000 The five days when the car was given for repairing will not be included in days of private use of the car by Emma. However, the time when the car was parked in the airport would be counted as personal use as the keys were with Emma and not the company. It is less than 15000km that the car has run during the fringe benefit period hence the rate would be 20%. Taxed Amount $33000*20%*330/365 $5,967 (Minus) expenses employee incurred $550 Fringe Benefit Tax $5,417 When a loan is given by an employer to an employee at a lower interest rate then the loan which is without interest shall be calculated for fringe benefits tax in the below-mentioned manner: Loan Bench Mark = 5.95% Interest Rate by Company= 4.45% Fringe Benefit Tax = 5,00,000* 1.50% = $7,500 Since only $4, 50,000 was used by the employee for buying the house, and the rest was given to her husband the taxable value would be $ 7,500 only. Part II If however the entire amount has been used by Emma, then the fringe benefits tax would be calculated as follows: Fringe Benefit Tax without the value deductible otherwise = 7,500 5,00,000*1.50% Assuming that the loan was interest free = $29,750 $5,00,000*5.95% In case, interest paid was equal to taxable amount = $ 29,750*10/100 $2,975 Looking at the actual situation where interest is being charged on the loan $5, 00,000*4.45%*10% $2,225 v) Subtract (c)-(d) $ 2,975- $2,225 $750 Value of Tax = i-v 7500-750 $6,750 Debt waiver of Fringe Benefit i.e. the product that Emma purchased for $1,300 sold in the market for $ 2,600 difference would be the fringe benefit liability: $ 2600-$1300=$ 1300 References Capital gains tax | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Capital gains tax. [Canberra]: Australian Taxation Office. 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Richmond, Vic.: John Wiley Sons Australia.