The Womens Suffrage Campaign - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 569 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Women's Suffrage Essay Did you like this example? Pros and Cons regarding the new amendment that our congress has passed. Women would be able to start up their own business or get their own job and have their own carrier without asking her marriage partner permission she would have more opportunities in this country but she could also have her own medical care transportation vehicles and more associations. The rights of the amendment are considered a bit weird and misunderstood but at the same time that could lead to less of equal gender rights. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Womens Suffrage Campaign" essay for you Create order But this also opens a door with enough space for the interpretation which is why those who look at the amendment U.S has passed say that it will take away some rights for women but while adding other rights for women. Women have been mistreated and not treated with the same rights as men until the amendment u.s congress has passed. The amendment established the right for women to vote it also gave women the right to have a say in this country. The amendment us congress passed was about equal rights and sexual equality. There werent really any downfalls to this amendment u.s congress passed it was more of an upgrade for sexual equality. The amendment gave women new opportunities and have their own careers and not be a stay home housewife. In my opinion I think women should have had rights of a man before the amendment even took place. Most of the federal law that doesnt agree on the equal rights of sex will be eliminated for good. The gender equality situation would start to become an illegal situation but as any preconception that is viewed on someones gender. Even though it wouldnt stop the society of the united states from keeping their personal views but it would shrink are the judgment of way how people take a look at the gender equality situation. It could also be a better perspective is to take an legal enforce on anyone who disobeys. Now its true by adding equal rights to the fourteenth amendment in the constitution would cause a miraculous amount of changes with the laws the government has given us. Now this also puts women in danger like laws that so a point of view of discarding the rule/law that puts women to working in mining jobs except for a type of working space environment for an example an office. This also could cause problems in the constitution like one of the major concerns is that it could influence the way laws are being made. If it ever comes to women working in mines they would be opposed to danger even though the men have had more experience with their careers more than women. Now ask yourself this would a high pay be worth it another con is that is the people that support the amendment of the U.S congress passed but however it was viewed as any other of the states but we will still have the authority to put the provisions of the document. Now the way they are doing it is the same way as their doing it with the thirteenth and fourteenth amendment or any other of various amendments that were already made. They also will have about seven hundred and thirty days to make a variety of changes to any law that points out violence towards the gender equality disagreement.

Power Plus Strength And Conditioning System - 1265 Words

Power Plus Strength and Conditioning System Hello, I m Brian McGinty trainer/owner of PowerPlus. I want to inform you of our new and innovative training system. Our system is catered around biomechanics. In the last three years, we ve had staggering results in our sports training. Within a couple of months, we dropped 100-meter times 8/10 of a second and increased bat speeds four to seven miles. We increased vertical jumps up to seven inches in multiple athletes. In a few month’s time, we also increased throwing velocity five miles. We accomplished these incredible feats by using our modern, functional training system. We are currently working with NFL athletes and we want to spread the word to others in the†¦show more content†¦We are against this concept. Science has proven that when you bulk a muscle, it loses it s elastic qualities. As a result, the center of the muscle is shortened, balled up, and pulled away from connective tissue which connects/holds muscles to the joints. This is called muscle hypertrop hy. Science has shown that it can have an adverse effect on athletic movement. This puts more stress on the ligaments and tendons and causes muscular imbalances. Compare the way a human body is made to a trampoline. A trampoline has a webbing or net in the middle which we jump on. All of the focus and attention is usually on the net, similar to how most of the attention is usually put on the size of the athlete s muscles. But what is actually firing or creating most of the power? Is it the webbing or the springs? Think about it, the springs that are connected to the skeleton of the trampoline are actually absorbing most of the shock applied to the trampoline. The springs reverse that energy and catapults a person high into the air. So we have a net, that is connected to a spring, that is connected to the skeleton of the trampoline.The human body is made the same way. We have muscles that are attached to ligaments and tendons that are connected to skeletal bone. Our philosophy of power is this: plyometrics has proven to be the best way to improve muscle elasticity and connective tissue strength. There is also a timing that comes along with plyometricShow MoreRelatedFive Important Scientific Discoveries1699 Words   |  7 PagesWhat does Science really mean? Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it. (Science Made Simple, Inc., 2006). Since in the beginning of time, we have conducted experiments whether we knew itRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Feminist Criticism1145 Words   |  5 Pagesthat men are superior in all areas of life, such as work positions and the way they act. However, women maintain a higher standing in social situations. Males are le aders of the World State whereas females are treated as sex objects. †¢ What are the power relationships between men and women (or characters assuming male/female roles)? In the workplace, men are represented as physically and mentally superior to women. This dominance is shown at the very beginning of the novel when all the students touringRead MoreEvaluation Of A Team Training Program1516 Words   |  7 Pagescompetition date (Powers 2012). This part of the season is to increase energy systems used in this particular sport to their maximum potential. With my softball team in a pre-season session, I would start with weight training and running to increase each individual player’s strength and endurance. Strength and endurance training should be done on alternating days to optimize strength gains but can be done together depending on what the coach is trying to accomplish. According to Powers, if these twoRead MoreEnergy Resources And Energy Management1512 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment workplace houses and other who have high energy consumption personal operations cut costs substantially. Energy management is something electricity providers as well as electricity corporations accomplish to ensure that his or her electric power programs as well as alternative electricity solutions produce enough electricity to satisfy need in which the volume of electricity which his or her shoppers require. It can be used to refer to method for handling and regulating one s own levels ofRead MoreA Report On Energy Management Supplies1562 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment workplace houses and other who have high energy consumption personal operations cut costs substantially. Energy management is something electricity providers as well as electricity corporations accomplish to ensure that his or her electric power programs as well as alternative electricity solutions produce enough electricity to satisfy need in which the volume of electricity which his or her shoppers require. It can be used to refer to method for handling and regulating one s own levels ofRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World2645 Words   |  11 Pagesearned a degr ee in English literature from Oxford. Because of his blindness, he was not able to do the scientific research he had previously wanted to do, and turned to writing. He wrote Brave New World in four months, before Hitler and Stalin came to power, which allowed him to think beyond the confines of the traditional dictatorship. He was also deeply concerned, particularly in his later years, with the prospect of humanity becoming subjugated by drugs, mass media, or technology, which makes a significantRead MorePhysical Fitness: Betters Your Golf Game2396 Words   |  10 PagesResistance training is used to develop the strength and size of skeletal muscles, by doing physical workouts which is performed against a force generating resistance through anaerobic exercises (Piazza). It involves a great deal of body awareness, muscle control and coordination- all are key elements for improving a golfer’s game (Moorehouse). Golf deals with a great amount of aerobic exercises. Cardiovascul ar training places stress on the cardio respiratory system and strengthen the heart, lungs, andRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Plaza1488 Words   |  6 Pagesproperties while the top six functioned as garment factories, each licensed by a different corporation. Rana Plaza’s top six floors lacked ventilation or air conditioning systems and had dim lighting, which is unfortunately the standard in garment factories. In addition, four diesel generators were located on the roof â€Å"as a means of emergency power†. (Schwier, 2013) At full operation, the building employed more than 5000 people. The first structural problem of the building was the unsuitable foundationRead MoreAn Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Injury1290 Words   |  6 Pagesturns with speed, particularly in sports such as soccer, basketball and football (Harris). Women, however, have a higher tendency rate to tear their ACL due to various reasons (Boden). One such reason being that after puberty, the female nerve/muscle systems adapt slower than men’s. Also, women have stiffer knees than men, therefore placing more pressure on the ligaments (Boden). While non-athletes do not require surgery for this injury, athletes, however, must undergo surgery and extensive rehabilitationRead MoreEssay about Mental Rehearsal Key to Improving Athlete Performance1706 Words   |  7 Pagesin nature, and thus effect the desired results in a positive or negative way. In order for an athlete to see the results they desire, their visualization has to be in a positive manner. â€Å"†¦-if you really believe tha t the things you say to yourself, plus the images you hold in your head, have little to do with how events play out-it may explain why success has eluded you,† (Greene, 64). The perspective an athlete places on his or her mental imagery determines the success they have in reaching their

Physical Inactivity And Its Impact On Individual Level...

In the U.S., physical inactivity is a leading cause of preventable deaths and all-cause mortality (Danaei et al., 2009; Oguma, Sesso, Paffenbarger Lee, 2002) and is associated with increased relative risk of developing a number of chronic diseases such as breast cancer, diabetes and heart disease (Bull et al., 2004; Jeon et al., 2007; Steindorf et al, 2013). While research on the promotion of physical activity has historically been on the impact of individual-level behavioral interventions, there has been substantial progress in identifying the role of policymaking in creating population-wide health improvements (Brownson et al., 2007; Eyler et al., 2010; Frank Kavage, 2009; Humpel, Owen, Leslie, 2002). Fundamentally, the links between modifying the social and built environment on the determinants and causes of physical inactivity have been solidly established in the empirical literature (Kahn et al., 2002). As a result of the increasing evidence of the effectiveness of such publi c policy interventions, the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) recommend these as a means of increasing physical activity in communities. Nevertheless, there is a gap between researchers and policymakers and a lack of policy-relevant research, which also contributes to the research-policy gap (Brownson et al., 2006; Choi, 2005). Little is also known about how to quantify levels of policyShow MoreRelatedBrief Description Of Public Policy953 Words   |  4 PagesPart A: Brief description of public policy †¢ Policy refers to a distinct path of action that is suitable for the pursuit of desired goals within a particular context, directing the decision-making or behavior of an organization or individual. There are three key elements of policies: problem definition, goals to be achieved, and policy instruments to address the problem and achieve the goal. The policy process is an activity of balancing different solutions that address aspects of complex problems:Read MoreThe Problem Of Inadequate Fruit And Vegetable Consumption1501 Words   |  7 PagesRationale: The Problem Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption alongside physical inactivity may lead to increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Exercising regularly and consistently consuming recommended daily fruit and vegetable amounts are effective in increasing quality of life, preventing chronic diseases, and supporting overall health (Muller, 2014). According to the World Health Organization, non-communicable diseases can emerge through modifiable behaviors and lead to millions ofRead MoreThe Effect Of Physical Inactivity On The United States1993 Words   |  8 PagesRelevance of Physical Inactivity in the United States In 2009, the World Health Organization released a report highlighting the 10 leading risk factors for death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), utilizing data from 2004 (Global Health Risks, 2009). According to the report, physical inactivity was the fourth leading cause of death in high income countries, resulting in 0.6 million deaths and 7.7% of total deaths throughout the world. Additionally, the data showed physical inactivity to be theRead MoreObesity And Its Increasing Prevalence Essay1437 Words   |  6 Pagesand Flegal, 2015). Commonly in research, obesity levels are measured through the Body Mass Index (BMI) scale. A BMI of 25-30 is considered overweight, and a BMI of greater than 30 is considered obese (Stommel and Schoenborn, 2009). The risk of death increases with higher BMI (due to obesity related comorbidities) accounting for nearly 300,000 deaths annually. These trends have been observed across all age groups, both genders, all educational levels, races, and smoking statuses (Aronne, 2001). WhileRead MoreFamily Diagnoses1421 Words   |  6 Pageshealth goals and nursing interventions. Nursing diagnoses and interventions focuses on individual patient crises, specific interventions, or medical diagnose (Warren, 1998). â€Å"It is imperative that information on common nursing diagnoses and interventions be researched, discussed, and incorporated into education and training† (Warren, 1998). The purpose of this paper is to identify three nursing diagnoses that related to TD and her family, summarize potential interventions related to each diagnosisRead MoreMr. Ppb, An Overweight Who Was Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus1312 Words   |  6 Pagespressure. He does not miss any of his medical appointments, always up to date with checking his regular HbA1c level. In short, Mr. PPB is a quintessential example of a compliant patient. However, the only problems with Mr. PPB- are the lack of activity as well as poor managing of food intake. According to Bully, Sanchez, Zabaleta, Pombo and Grandes (2015), lifestyle factors have the most impact on health and receive the least attention from health care systems. In research as well, almost all investmentRead MoreSocioeconomic Status And The Prediction Of Morbidity And Mortality1424 Words   |  6 Pageshave been many studies conducted on socioeconomic status and the prediction of morbidity and mortality. It tends to have a huge affect on how individuals maintain their everyday lives. â€Å"Socioeconomic status (SES) is often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation. It is commonly conceptualized as the social standing or class of an individual or group. When viewed through a social class lens, privilege, power, and control are emphasized. Furthermore, an examination of SES as a gradientRead MorePhysical Activities And Physical Activity2670 Words   |  11 PagesPhysical Activity According to World Health Organization (WHO) CITE, physical activity can be defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure. Being physically active is one of the best ways to improve quality of life. Regular physical activity can be seen as one of the most necessary things when considering one’s health. Physical inactivity is identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality provoking approximately 3.2 million deathsRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes2146 Words   |  9 Pages Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to create or use enough insulin to maintain a healthy blood glucose level. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter cells and be converted into energy. If diabetes is left uncontrolled, glucose and fats will remain in the blood and, over time, can damage vital organs, including the heart, kidneys, and eyes (CDC, 2011). There are several types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 10% of all cases. It is usually diagnosed inRead MoreHealthy People 2020, Long-Term Goals, Short-Term Goals,1839 Words   |  8 PagesHealthy People 2020, Long-term Goals, Short-term Goals, and Interventions We all know someone who has suffered from heart disease. Whether it was from a heart attack, congestive heart failure, or stroke, some type of cardiovascular disease has taken the life of someone we loved way too soon. This epidemic of heart disease must be stopped through the collaboration of physicians, nurses, law makers, and concerned citizens. The purpose of this paper is to examine cardiovascular disease, the risks associated

Importance Of Cell Phone Safety Essay - 1056 Words

The cell phone safety In spite of the fact that cell phones convey a few expediency and advantages to our lives, they additionally have some possibly unsafe impacts. Disclosure of cell phones has been one of the critical technological progress lately. A portion of these effects has contributed emphatically to our lives, yet at the same time, others have affected contrarily. The cell phones have had a noticeable effect on the social life of individuals. In any case, cell phones have accompanied adverse consequences for people lives. One is that mobile phones have impacted relational connections and social collaborations adversely. cell phones have expanded inclinations of using it while driving on roads, which is lead to deadly†¦show more content†¦It is irresponsible behavior using the cell phone while driving, it cost the people lives for usually not important conversations. As everybody may know, mobile phones are extremely distracting. When driving, the last thing the people need is to be distracted by a cell phone, according to Qiao, â€Å"Texting while driving is highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Texting while driving can significantly increase the risk of road crashes and is associated with other risky driving behaviors. Most states have enacted distracted driving laws to prohibit texting while driving.† Texting and driving are not just distracting the driver, but also put the other lives in danger. Focusing on roads while driving safe the people lives. People are in an expanded hazard for antagonistic health impacts from mobile phone radiation. Cell phones cause electromagnetic radiation, which causes disease in the human body. In the current investigation by researchers, mobile phones are demonstrated to cause brain cancer. According to Rosch, â€Å"more than two-thirds of independent studies did find biological effects, including changes in DNA that have been linked to cancer, as well as a significant increase in temperature and malignant tumors in brain tissues close to the ear the cell phone was applied to.†. When people utilizing a cellShow MoreRelatedThe Modern Expansion of Cellular Phone Use1571 Words   |  7 PagesCellular Phone Use The Modern Expansion of Cellular Phone Use Over a decade ago the house phone was such a remarkable advancement where it provided a person to call places over thousands of miles away. Then the ease and comfort of wireless phones came out. Now, the invention of cellular phones (a mobile telephone) is an excellent device to do business or call out for help when you need to. While for others it is a failure, annoying and a cause of accidents. â€Å"Today, cellular phones have becomeRead MoreThe Detriments Of Cellular Phone Use960 Words   |  4 Pagesdetriments of cellular phone use In today’s society, people rely heavily on the use of cellular phones. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages of a cellular phone. Some advantages of cellular phones use are cellular phone use is a great form of communication. A cellular phone is a way to track and keep in touch with others. Being able to keep in touch can be very beneficial. I am a student living away from home and for my mother, and for me, having a cellular phone allows my mother talkRead MoreIs Safety Something We Should Sacrifice Privacy For Our Lives?1667 Words   |  7 PagesIs safety something we should sacrifice privacy for in our lives? In this essay I will discuss if this is a moral issue, what makes engineers information more private than others, what national and state laws say about this issue and whether they are right, and what ethical theories you could use to solve this question. Safety of our country is important, but there is a fine line in this country, and particularly i n the work place, between safety and privacy. I believe that engineering companiesRead MoreAre Mobile Phones Or Are They A Disctraction? Essay1913 Words   |  8 PagesMOBILE PHONES BENEFICAL OR ARE THEY A DISCTRACTION? INTRODUCTION Mobile phones play a very important role in our daily routine. We use it to check our mail, communicate with those we are in touch with, social media such as Facebook and also for work purposes at work and places such as school or university. However as research and personal experience shows, mobile phones are fifty percent of a distraction to us and fifty percent beneficial. This research essay aims to discuss how mobile phones areRead MoreHealing Hospital: A Daring Paradigm1076 Words   |  5 Pagesthat spirituality is one of the greatest key factor in the healing recovery stage, the healing hospitals goal is to enhance overall wellness of the patients and their relatives like brain, spiritual, and feeling needs of life (Eberst, 2008). This essay descript the factors of healing hospitals, their relation to spirituality, the mountains and barriers in making a healing environment and a biblical message that supports the procedure of healing hospitals. ` Factors of a Healing Hospital and theirRead MoreThe Journey Of John Branson Reeve Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pageshe attended. The transition has made him more shy and cautious of his surroundings. Also, I have noticed that he is becoming more concerned with his image and following the acts of the crowd. To him, his clothes, hair, and shoes are of the utmost importance. At home, Branson Reeve has been displaying moody and irritable behaviors. His growth and appearance is altering daily. In addition, I have observed that he has been consuming mainly junk food, which could correlate with his changes in behaviorRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Projective Tests1137 Words   |  5 PagesStep One- Verbal Exchange During this step Ill allow for Ruth to explain to me her fear and do in depth as to what the cause is. It might be phobia, Anxiety or just a simple fear of high bridges. The root of the problem might be concerned with the safety of the bride itself. Step Two - Support During this step I would encourage Ruth do go in depth more about her problem, to see is it is related to some events that have occurred in the past. Here I would have her Imagine herself going ontoRead MoreEffects of Cell Phone Advertising for the Last 20 Years2868 Words   |  12 PagesEffects of Cell Phone Advertising for the last 20 years This paper sets out to explore the correlation between cell phone advertising and the effects it has had on our society. I will provide evidence that advertising has transformed our social norms in regards to cell phone usage. First topic of discussion will be on the history of the cell phone, discussing the advances they have made in the last 20 years. Next will be the discussion of advertising as a separate entity, and then confer advertisingRead MoreAnalysing Movies that Have to Do with Marxism, Panopticism and Globalization1693 Words   |  7 Pagesworld order (or disorder as implied by Barker). The concerns of globalization involve capitalist influence, a rapidly growing dependence on technology, and the possibility of the world entering into a cyber-capitalist era. The ideas of importance in this essay are as follows: Marxism, Panopticism, and Globalization. The movies that shall be examined, in relation to the ideas listed above, are as follows: Beijing Bicycle, The Hung er Games, and Fahrenheit 451. Capitalism, the embodiment of theRead MoreThe Merits And Merits Of Media Coverage Of Terrorism Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesearth in a just in time moment and what sort of picture, opinion, fear, excitement, education and information does the global village make of this as presented by media platform. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the merits and de-merits of media coverage of terrorism. It is of paramount importance to make a briefing on the origins of terrorism, terrorism and the society. The merits include; the ability of terrorists to reach out to the masses quickly, the profit gained by the media, the symbiotic

Levis Business Report Free Essays

REPORT FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LEVIS STRAUSS LADIES’ JEANS FOR EDGARS RETAIL STORES To Directors of Edgars, This report serves to provide information about Levis Strauss Jeans which we wish to sell through your retail stores, Edgars. Levis Strauss is a clothing line which has the potential to become very popular, especially once our new line of ladies’ jeans is introduced into the market. Target Market Although the target market for our Jeans is limited to women, the popularity and demand for Jeans is increasing by the day. We will write a custom essay sample on Levis Business Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now The consumers would be able to wear Jeans in a casual manner with a shirt for their every day errands, and they would also be able to wear them slightly more dressed up with a blazer for work. Jeans are a piece of clothing that are worn by every class of people for almost every occasion and this would put us at an advantage in the current market. Previously, Jeans were thought to be only for workers, cowboys, etc. However, the consumer demand has shifted from the durability of jeans to the fashion of jeans. Materials Used The materials needed to make the jeans would be denim, cotton, zips buttons, rivets and thread for embroidery of the brand name. These can be obtained with ease around South Africa which will lower our cost price as we will not need to import materials in order to produce the jeans. This will allow us to provide the jeans at a lower and more competitive price, therefore attracting more consumers to your stores. Possible Challenges and Strategies One of the challenges that we, as the manufacturers of the jeans, face is the threat of new entrants into the market and the threat of substitutes. Our generation consists of many young, innovative and enthusiastic designers who could possible introduce a new brand of denim jeans into the market. This could also tie in with the threat of substitutes as there are literally hundreds of lines that offer jeans as one of their products such as Guess, Sissy Boy, Free 2 b U, and RT to name but a few. In order to overcome this challenge we would need to ensure that our product has a high level of differentiation, meaning that it would need to stand out against the other brands of denim jeans. We could do this by using edgy advertisements. For example, women wearing nothing but the jeans themselves but with shadows covering the necessities such as breasts etc. This will attract women to the jeans as it implies that the jeans will give them sex appeal. We would also need to emphasise what makes our jeans different by showing their authenticity, originality, variety, quality, and their unique fit. Our jeans are also offered at a premium price and would be easily accessible to consumers as many people shop at Edgars stores. It could also be emphasised that our jeans are classic yet still modern and they can be worn for comfort as well as style. Table showing substitutes chosen if Levis Jeans were not available (Calculated on 120 respondents) Brand| Percentage of Respondents| Sissy Boy| 61%| Guess| 15%| Free 2 b u| 17%| RT| 7%| Levis Jeans can be considered as a style instead of just a fashion or a trend. A fashion and a trend grow slowly in the market but eventually the sales begin to decline. It is considered a style as, although jeans may not always be the most popular choice of clothing, they will always come back into fashion and have the potential to make a come-back in the market of the fashion industry. Another possible challenge would be that our brand could struggle internationally and this could affect its popularity locally. However, we have adopted the motto â€Å"think local and act global†. This ensures the potential consumer that the product is of good quality yet it can still be sold at a competitive and reasonable price. There have been some complaints of our jeans tearing in some places on Hello Peter, however, we have made an effort to strengthen our product physically by improving our production process and testing the strength of certain garments in a batch to ensure that the products provided are of the highest quality possible Conclusion After careful market segmentation, efforts in improving the product and in-depth analysis of the market, we believe that our product would be a valuable addition to your range of products sold at your retail stores. With careful marketing strategies, innovative thinking and continuous attention given to the consumer needs, Levis Strauss could add to your store’s success. Please consider our proposal favourably. Regards, Kirsty Smit – Levis Strauss CEO References: * http://www. scribd. com/doc/31538621/Project-report-on-starting-a-new-business-Comfort-Jeans * http://www. madehow. com/Volume-1/Blue-Jeans. html * http://www. uvm. edu/~shali/Levi. pdf * http://www. cleanclothes. org/betterbargain/946-case-file-levi-strauss-a-co * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Levi_Strauss All of the above websites were visited on the 4th of October 2012. How to cite Levis Business Report, Essay examples

Achilles and Hector free essay sample

Before, we go any further in making an in-depth analysis of our two great let us consider the literary work that placidly described their valor. In order for us to appreciate the heroism and valor of our two great Greek warriors, we have to establish and understand the milieu and the type of culture that they have. We need to know the impetus that caused the very long war so that we could have a better appreciation of their heroism and valor. Achilles was a great warrior who joined the Achaean forces against the Trojans. On the other hand, Hector was the valiant defender of the Trojans. They were all in the long narrative epic poem of f Homer, a well known classical poet of the ancient Greeks. The etymology of the title, The Iliad was derived from the Greek word Illios (Cummings, 2003) and adding a 2-letter at the end to signify that it pertains to the former.    Thus, the meaning of the title actually provided an overview of what the book was about something that pertains to Troy (Cummings, 2003). This epic focused more on the story of Achilles, the greatest Greek hero and his repugnancy against his fellow Greek warrior Agamemnon when the latter took his beautiful prize and how he drew back from fighting the Trojans armies. His desire for vengeance was intensified when his beloved companion Patroclus, was killed by the most valiant among the Trojans – Hector. He joined and led the Greek troops once again and killed that famous warrior who killed his dear friend. The war continued through a series of battles between the two tribes as well consistent meddling of the capricious gods and goddesses. It finally ended with the death of Hector and the humiliation of his corpse in the Greek camp. It also narrated how Priam, the clement king of Troy, humbly requested Achilles to return the body of his son (Homer Rouse, 1999). The Trojan War and its roots The Trojan War was the most devastating war in the ancient history of the Greeks. It all started when the goddesses Hera, Aphrodite and Athena had an altercation. To resolve this, they asked Paris to choose who among them was the most alluring. As conceited as it may seem, the goddesses resolved to offer bribe to Paris if he chose them. Of all the three, Paris declared that Aphrodite was the fairest of them all. In exchange, she will make the most beautiful woman in the mortal world to fall in love with him. However, that woman was already married in Greece to a Spartan king, Menelaus. Her name was Helen. Paris disguised as a diplomat. It was said that with the intervention of the gods, Helen immediately fell in love with Paris and absconded with him to Troy. Since this was derision to a Spartan and even all the Greeks, Menelaus recalled an old oath of the other Greek kings that they would protect his marriage to Helen. He summoned all the kings in Greece to organize a war against Troy and get Helen back (Cummings, 2003). Most of the kings were hesitant going to the war. Achilles was even befuddled to appear like a woman so that he will not have to join the war. However, their guises were soon found and they had no choice but to join this war to honor their oath. They formed by the versant leaders and their men were the finest warriors in the land who set out for war to regain the dignity not simply of the Spartans but of Greece in general. They all set out and traveled to Troy and the Trojan War began. It continued for years and nobody even retreated (Gale, 2008, pp. 14-19). During the process, internal conflict between the Greeks began to arise especially when Agamemnon took Briseis, the beautiful prize of Achilles. The latter decided to recede and simply let his comrades continue the fight. The other Greeks continued the fight. One day, his dear friend Patroclus even borrowed his escutcheon to fight the Trojan armies. On the other hand, the Trojan soldiers were so determined to fight as well. Through the help of the gods on their side, they never surrendered. They were led by Paris and Hector. Hector was the most brave and inspired warrior among the Trojans. He was their hero and defender. He fought vigorously and killed a lot of Greeks including Achilles’ dearest friend, Patroclus. This event as well his accord with Agamemnon made Achilles decide to go back and fight his counterpart, Hector. The Greeks were on a losing side. None of his men could defeat the mighty Trojan hero. He set out the arena to fight not for Helen but for his friend, Patroclus and for the Greek soldiers who died. Hector, upon hearing that his real match was coming, commanded all his soldiers to retreat and he will have a one-on-one combat with his obverse. He was excellent in using spear and in attacking his enemies. He was able to defend his land against the Greeks for many years because of his good military strategies and strength. On the other hand, Achilles was also a good fighter and leader. Aside from that, he was also invulnerable since her mom had bathed him in River Styx when he was young. The only vulnerable part of him was his heel which was not washed because his mother was holding it. They fought for several rounds until Achilles was able to kill Hector (Homer Rouse, 1999) Out of his rage, he dragged his body toward the Greek camp and to the tomb of his friend Patroclus. Priam, on the other hand, pleaded Achilles to return the body of his son for it to have a decent burial as a custom of the Trojans (Zanker, 1996, p.116). A truce was created as the Trojan mourned for the death of their hero (Homer Rouse, 1999). The death of the mighty leader, Hector, caused a fracture in the walls of Troy that eventually led to their downfall after losing a wise and strong warrior. Afterwards, the battle continued. Albeit the soldiers and the citizens of Troy were tired and weary of the war, they still continued to fight for vengeance for the comrades killed and for their nation. Achilles was very successful and won the battles. However, the new leader of the Trojan warriors, Paris, was determined to avenge his brother’s death. With the assistance from the gods on his side, he struck an arrow towards the heel of Achilles that caused a mortal wound that killed him instantly (Kennedy, n.d., p.6 ). Achilles Achilles was born mortal. He was the son of Peleus, a King of Myrmidons and Thetis, a sea nymph. Her mother really wanted her to be immortal. She dipped the infant Achilles in the mystical River Styx so that her child would grow invincible. However, what she forget overlooked was the fact that she had not immersed her son fully in the water. She was holding her son’s ankles while she dipped him in the water. Thus, the heels remained dry and vulnerable (Gale, 2008, pp. 52-56).. He grew up in Mount Pelion. He was under the custody of Cheiron, an astute centaur who taught him on how to survive the mountain and develop his skills and abilities. He was taught how to catch animals and survive the wild. He developed skills such as swiftness and agility. However, his training also made him fierce and impetuous ( Kennedy, M.D., n.d., p.4). After his training in the mountain, he was sent back to his abode and was tutored by Phoenix. Through his new guide, Achilles learned to develop skills, strength and courage. He also met his loyal and trustworthy friend, Patroclus. They became so close and vowed to protect each other. It can be deduced that Achilles had sense of loyalty with his friends. It was this vow that motivated him to kill the proud Hector ( Kennedy, M.D., n.d., pp. 4-5). When the war was being conceptualized and a prophecy was made that Achilles would be the greatest warrior that would save the Greeks from the Trojans. Thus, he was searched far and wide by other warriors to convince him to join them. He was even concealed as a girl by her mother but his character as a warrior prevailed. He was attracted to weapons and was ready to fight when the enemies arrived. He was always true to his promise. His virtues and honor matter more to him. That was the reason why even if he does not really like to go on a war, he still pursued and led the army and won several wars for the Greek. The skills that he had developed through the process actually gave him a great advantage in warfare not to mention that he was invulnerable. He defeated a lot of Trojan tribes. He is also agile and has a very good leadership (Gale, 2008, pp. 14-19). Aside from battle image of Achilles, it can also be noted that he is a very passionate and sensitive person. He loved to listen to the sound of the musical instruments. He also treasured his prize so much. He would go the extra of withdrawing himself from his comrades when that prize was taken away from him. However, it is evident that he is obedient and respectful to authority. Despite his grudge against Agamemnon, he still respected his decision and surrendered his price. He still respected and obeyed Agamemnon being his superior. He is also kind towards his colleagues but fierce and ruthless towards his enemies. He was also loyal to friends. He would not let the death of a friend pass without avenging the killer (Homer Rouse, 1999). He was easily moved with pity and compassion when he allowed the old king of Troy to carry his dead son back home (Zanker, 1996, p.116). The strength and prowess of Achilles was incomparable. Nobody could defeat the Greeks as long as Achilles was present. He survived and won a lot of war unwounded because he was invulnerable and the enemies were unaware of his weak side. Only Paris was able to discover that this great man killed a thousand soldiers without any bruise only to die because of a wound in a heel (â€Å"Achilles†). Hector Hector was the eldest son of the king of Troy, Priam and Hecuba. He was married to the beautiful lady Andromache and they have a son named Astyanax.   He was very devoted son and husband (â€Å"Hector†). He was the mightiest hero of the Trojan during the war. He was loved by the gods and even by his countrymen because of his sacrifices (Zanker, 1996, p. 115). When his troops were pressured on the field, he was compelled to go back to send news to his family and to the families of his men. He asked them to make an offering to the gods on their sides. When he arrived in their house, he was pleaded by her mother not to go back to the war because he might be killed. He did not heed nor drank anything. Instead he summoned his brother to assist them in the war. There was a dramatic scene when he was asked by Helen to wait for his brother but instead he wanted Paris to go ahead since he had to see his family for the last. He had a feeling that it would be the last time that he is going to see them (Gale, 2008, pp. 52-56). When he went back, he discovered that his wife was too worried about him that she hysterically went to the gates to get news from him. When they met, he saw her carrying their son and was crying. She warned Hector that his bravery would lead him to his grave. She broke the news that Achilles was very invincible and he had killed her kin. She pleaded him to stay for her and their son’s sake. However despite heis beloved wife’s plea, Hector’s commitment to serve his countrymen prevailed. He would rather die than witness his family enslaved by the Greeks. Sensing that it might be his last chance to be with his family, he hugged his son tightly and prayed to the gods that his son be protected and become greater than him (Gale, 2008, pp. 52-56). Conclusion If we are going to juxtapose the characteristics of Achilles vis-à  -vis Hector, it is evident that they are quite similar in some ways. They are the strongest among their tribes. They would be an equal match. They are both strong-willed and determined. They are loyal to their tribes and would not accept defeat without fighting for it. They are ruthless to enemies but helpful and protective to their men. They would not let anybody stain their honor and dignity. In the epic, when the Greek forces killed a lot of Trojan workers, Hector stood up and took revenge. He would not let his enemies reach the walls of Troy. Achilles felt the same. When his friend was killed, he stood up and sought revenge. He was filled with anger. And this anger would only be appeased with Hector’s blood, the blood of his friend’s killer. On the other hand, instead of anger, Hector was filled with arrogance that he is going to meet his real match when his fight with Achilles began. No Greek leader or warrior could defeat him and he was proud of it. However, when rumors came that the greatest hero of the Greeks could defeat him, he was challenged. Out of the spur-of-the moment, he even ordered his soldiers to back- off. Well his reason is unknown .It could be a decision made out of passion that he don’t want his soldiers to be killed by the mighty Achilles or he simply wanted to fulfill his ardent desire to fight his equal match alone. As a leader, it can be said that they are both effective. They have their own styles of leadership. It can be deduced that they could handle their soldiers very well based on the battles they have. They also have good strategies in warfare. They are not only good leaders but also good followers. Achilles obeys his commander Agamemnon even if he knew he was stronger than him. Hector was also obedient o his father. He went to warfare to protect his father’s kingdom. Even if they stand out from the rest, it cannot be denied that they are not perfect. Their characters and values still reflect the weak spots of being a human. They both cannot handle their emotions well. They react impulsively based on their emotion. They make rash decisions because they felt bad. Hector ordered his soldiers to retreat and let him face Achilles alone. Achilles, out of anger dragged Hector’s dead body with hiss chariot and brought it to his friend’s grave. Afterwards, he was moved by his father’s passion for his son that he even gave the body back to his family (Zanker, 1996, p.116). With all the similarities mentioned, they also have differences. Though it was not clearly mentioned whether Achilles had a son or a family, Hector was pointed out to be a family man. His real priority was his family. That was his motivation for fighting the Greeks. He wanted to protect his family and his people against the invaders. In the epic, he longed for his wife and family but despite their pleas for him to stay, he still went to war. Behind the proud and scary armor that he was wearing, was an image of a nostalgic husband and father (Gale, 2008, pp. 52-56). On the other hand, Achilles went to the war simply to honor his oath. He went to the war for glory and power. His struggle to leave was not because he had a family. His desire was to seek vengeance and show off his strength (Cummings, 2003). The other side of Achilles also reflected his soft side that he is pitiful and loving. He was kind to his comrades and also loved peace. He would not fight out of whim but of vengeance (Zanker, 1996). Achilles and Hector are both fine and strong soldiers. They are the greatest heroes of the Trojan. However, they were mere victims in that situation. They were locked in a war that they had no choice but fight against one another. The moral of their story simply showed that no matter how great you are, no matter how perfect you may seem, there will still be another person who could discover and attack your weak spot. The mighty and invincible Hector was killed by Achilles. But Achilles’ glory was simply cut short when he was killed by Paris, the instigator of the Trojan War (Kennedy, n.d. p.5). References The Iliad: Homer, Rouse, W.H.D. 1999. The Iliad. New York: Signet Classic Gale, A.C. 2008. Achilles a Hector. Unknown: BiblioBazaar, LLC Kennedy, M.D. n.d. Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman mythology. California: BBC-CLIO â€Å"Achilles.† The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Achilles.html Hector. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Hector.html Homer, Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http://encarta.msn.com Zanker, G. 1996. The Heart of Achilles: Characterization and Personal Ethics in the

Ecological Modernization and Environmental State †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Ecological Modernization and Environmental State. Answer: Introduction Planning is considered as a political process that requires public actions and have an impact on the built and natural environment. It has to balance different interests, demands and views of the stakeholders. Planning leads to fundamental changes in the way people can experience their cities. Decision-makers have to deal with the future of planning issues to achieve the smart, creative and sustainable cities (Legacy Leshinsky 2015). The relationship between the cities and citizens have always been inspired and managed by the challenging knowledge of the contemporary planning. Hall (2014), blames governments for their bureaucratic practices that hindered creativity in half a century or more. Also, he warns from the narrow view that limits creativity and innovation in planning according to the social transition and adapts to the changes in the environmental sustainability. In order to answer a critical question about what could be done to make good planning, different aspects should be considered, including the complex social, economic and environmental challenges that confront the urban growth and building cities. Campbell (2012), argues that the world is complex, chaotic, uncertain and full of inequalities the relationship between knowledge and action is important to the theory of planning and practice. As the population grows, the development pressure increases and the land available for easy protection decreases. The protected land allows citizens to continue to exist. It could be divided into two groups according to their distance from the metropolitan areas. The areas near to the metropolitan areas usually enjoy high political support. But people in rural areas are considered the major reason for the urban expansion and depopulation of the rural areas(Hamin 2002). The interest in the role of regional and local entities in growth management has witnessed an increase in the last decade. The local agencies were created to protect open spaces, manage urban growth and coordinate between the efforts of individual counties Bengston et al. (2004). The following section discusses the literature review of urban growth management. It starts with the measurement and comparison between the local plans policy content and the development controls, then it discusses the urban regulation, housing supply and affordability, followed by the problems of urban space and the contemporary planning approaches and finally it investigates the housing and urban reform under neoliberalism. Measuring and comparing the policy content of local plans and development controls Local plans are considered common tools among the world countries, unlike the different approaches that deal with the development control and planning issues. The local plans are usually conducted by the local authority governed by the regulatory framework and imposed by the top levels in the state. Significant results were achieved from the comparison between the plans implemented by the local authorities and the physical outcomes on the ground. Testing this assumption was made by the plan evaluation research in order to measure the conformance of the outputs of the planning process. The evaluation research could be done through content analysis or surveys (Gurran, Gilbert Phibbs 2015). Another dimension to the planning process is the participation approach, it involves public participation of a variety of citizens. It is expected that the participation presents the community interests in a democratic way. To ensure that the participation is effective, it must have breadth and dept h through the involvement in every stage of the process of policymaking. Breadth measures the extent to which the community members can have the opportunity to participate in the policymaking process. The depth reflects the extent to which the participants can control the final policy outcomes (Conroy 2004). A proposed model of urban growth boundary by Ding et al. (1999) assumes that the trend of urban growth involves a continuous cycle of urban growth. As the urban growth boundary leads to absorption of the infrastructure capacity and limitation of the growth. Local governments can impose adjusted urban growth boundary discretely. This model provides a good instrument for the delivery of public services in the cases that marginal cost pricing is unavailable. This model did not describe if it has a significant distribution that leads to an increase in the social welfare. Urban regulation, housing supply and affordability Gurran Whitehead (2011) argue that the link between the land planning strategies and the housing price rates are due to the formulation of the strategic spatial policies. These policies take place through land, infrastructure, procurements and coordination that leads to increased housing prices. The argument of Gurran Whitehead (2011) leads us to think about the political controversy and its effect on the housing consumption and production levels. The political theories of regulatory capture assist in explaining the reasons that lead the policy makers to take actions that seem to be against the public interest. The capture theory assumes that the political intervention is not enough to solve the problems of market failures as the monopoly behaviour, the destructive use of private economic power and high competition (Gurran Phibbs 2015). Reher (2012), relates the growth in urban planning to the implication of the demographic transition that lead to the social and economic changes. Some of these changes took place on the aggregate level of the society and others have affected the individuals only, as follows: Fertility reduction leads to changes in the age structure that affects the relative proportion of young and working age population. It also yields a long life generation, small family size and reduced production period. The periods of high population growth in most cases coincide with waves of migration that create pressure and shape the world socially and economically. The longer life expectancy has resulted in greater investments in the human capital in terms of better education and health. Bertinelli Strobl (2007) have considered the connection between the urban conglomerates and the economic development in the developing countries, as they have evolved from agricultural to manufacturing and service economy. He has discussed the costs associated with people concentration in cities called the 'congestion costs'. Sustainability issues and environmental problems led the planners to consider the importance of the green belt. Experts have led the top-down approach of the state-led planning since the 1950s. The concern of planners towards the environment has shifted from the preservation of the landscape to a technocratic concern. Sustainability leads to ecological preservation of green spaces. On the other hand, the concept of social justice argues that the green belt restricts the development and could harm the society. The land supply is likely to shrink and causes shortage in housing supply and leads prices to increase (Amati Taylor 2010). These arguments lead to the dilemma of advocating the environmental sustainability and the availability of affordable housing. Schuetz et. al, 2011, has discussed the idea of inclusionary housing and the governmental regulations associated with it. This approach focuses on the necessity of offering affordable housing across local areas or in certain regions. Public grants and incentives, including a tax credit for low-income zones, are considered the sources of finance to the affordable housing. To ensure fairness, the main characteristics of the inclusionary zone programs determine the rate of the effective tax and its impact on the prices of housing land and housing production in the inclusionry zones. Some of these programs are planned to apply to the residential developments broadly and other programs are a grant for basic areas of development selected according to the land space, structure and the project size. As the amount of dispensations increase, the lower the strictness the inclusionary zones program will be and the lower the tax rate in comparison with programs with no exemptions. Gurran Ruming (2016), argue that the voluntary incentive models that deals with the provision of the affordable housing depend on market actors that are hard to be predicted. The planning system is considered as an important mechanism to ensure that the affordable housing is well located in relation to the availability of other social services and employment opportunities. Urban space problems and contemporary planning approaches The governments have tried to find ways to deal with the implications of the global economic crisis by using different mechanisms to deal with them. The social, economic and cultural changes should be considered as the economic crisis has affected nonindustrial areas. Accordingly, cities have to think differently and create new ways to deal with the new changes creatively. Urban planning focuses on land use more than the social dynamics that take place in cities. According to Deffner Vlachopoulou (2011), the main idea of creative cities is about the method used in the urban strategic planning and the way the citizens plan, think and live in these cities. This type of cities connects the planning process to the urban culture, leisure, media and activities. Urbanization cannot exist without industrialization. The concept of modernization involves the structural and institutional processes of transforming from traditional methods of production to modern methods that reflect the ways of life. Modernization takes place through the economic development that encourages the social and political development. The two basic tools adopted by the modernization schools of thought are evolutionary perspective and the functionalist approach. The evolutionary perspective assumes that the social changes that affect the urbanization are unidirectional and gradual. On the other hand, the functionalist approach argues that as the transformative changes take place, the values transform from traditional to modern through advancement in technology and the economic activities and values that lead to the industrialization of societies (Zhang 2002; Cohen 2004) Urbanization is considered a vital measurement to the level of economic development and the modernization as well in a certain region or country. It is a dynamic process for creating a prosperous economy. It is a phenomenon that combines several economic or social factors that emerge as a result of the development of the social productivity. The acceleration of the process of urbanization is considered as a strategic initiative required to conduct a scientific concept and reduce the gap between the urban and rural development. According to Li Qin (2014), there are two evaluation methods of urbanization, represented in the single and the complex index methods. The method of single index is used in calculating the urban population proportion and the urban land proportion. The research reveals that although the single index method is easy to be calculated, it has a limited significance as it reflects the quality results instead of the process of transformation to urbanization. It is cl ear that the urbanization process is the process of citizens, economic, ecological and social transformation. The complex index depends on several factors including, the social, economic and cultural factors that measure the changes in the urbanization level through a quantitative and a quality index system. Nielsen (2014), has indicated in his research the idea of the role of the political economy of smart growth. It involves the examination of the organizations and vital actors related to the development process. Planning strategies that focus on building vertical, mixed-use and high-density buildings. It includes residential and commercial mixture spaces that reduce the use of horizontal and separated spaces. This type of buildings allocation the bottom floor to commercial occupation and it is usually found in modern cities and downtown. Logan Molotch (2007), introduces the theory of growth machine that discusses on the urban growth through the examination of the relationship between the business elites seeking to maximize their profits and the government that seeks to raise the public revenues through the urban development. Both of the two actors of the growth machine share a common interest in the urban growth that could be measured through the economic output and the building performance. Smith Floyd (2013), concern towards Logan and Molotchs theory of the growth machine, they assume that the major benefit of the growth machine is the maximization of urban rents that represent the collective interest. The neoclassical theories of economic agglomeration do not consider the government role in urban areas. They assume that cities are the result of the mixture of the individuals and profit-oriented organizations that seek to maximize the exchange values. As a result, the public open areas hinders the production effi ciencies that could be obtained from the increased urban density. The smart growth requires more diverse technical experts, there is a need for other players rather than the entrepreneurs. The required expertise is needed to create more financially feasible projects (Nielsen 2014). In contrast, the ecological modernization theory debates the environmental issues, as the shift in the modernization process could yield in severe problems to the environment. The ecological modernization requires that the planning process have to consider three elements represented in; first: institutional reflexivity, second: entrepreneurs that act as ecological restructuring and third: a framework that provides the rules of the smart environmental. The origin of this theory goes back to the social and institutional practices that took place due to the environmental deterioration since the mid of the 1980s in Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands (Mol Spaargaren 2002). Housing and urban reform under neoliberalism Neoliberalism started as a political-economic movement in various advanced countries during the the period (1970s and 1980s). According to Gurran Ruming (2016) and Forrest Hirayana (2009), this movement had several implications on the urban governance issues, planning and provision of housing. It has reduced the governmental intervention in the market processes as its human well-being could be developed through the private property rights, free trade and the free market. The neoliberalism influenced the housing policy by shaping the housing provision, economic conditions and the property rights. Brenner et al., 2010 have distinguished between three different dimensions, represented in: Regulatory experimentation; that assumes that the regulatory changes are connected to the global governance system. Inter-jurisdictional policy transfer; as an important technique for consolidating spatial and institutional variations. The prototypes of the neoliberal policy are utilized across the institutional networks of knowledge sharing, including territories, places and The creation of transnational rule-regimes; is formulated through the regulatory frameworks, legal systems and institutional arrangements. Sager (2011), argues that the neoliberalism is rooted from to the Keynesian welfare state economics and the emergence of the market liberalization that was formulated by the Chicago School of political economy. Accordingly, it depends on the economic indicators that measure the political-administrative management system effectiveness and the market controls the politics, not the opposite. By this, a new relationship is formulated between the governments and the capital owners. Sager also notes that the concept of neoliberalism could be used in theory planning as a major tool to define the political scheme and the bureaucratic transformations that form the rules of urban planning This could introduce an explanation of the facts behind the desire of the planning scholars to adopt the neoliberalism approach, as follows: It sets new perspective of the concepts used in planning theories as globalization, market liberalization, welfare state and The frame of public planning represented in the public sector institutions and organizations is being transformed by the neoliberalism. New planning oriented urban policies are being used. Measuring the housing supply faces problems related to the methodology used in measuring its existence due to the planning constraints. The housing market is considered as a complex and unique one that suffers from low substitutability levels across the locations in the cities and places that have access to valuable amenities in specific. Urban growth requires a good planning process, although this process is part of a complex supply chain that different factors, directly and indirectly, affect it, including industry trends, availability of labor, cost, financial resources and the decisions of the house builders. Other factors that affect the urban growth are the income growth, the ability to finance and the cost (Gurran Phibbs 2013). Research gap The body of research that investigates the impact of planning on the outcomes of housing are not new. Many theoretical and empirical research investigates the relation between the land usage and the planning policies, the housing market prices and the affordable housing approaches and their criticism. There are very few studies that have investigated the impact of urbanization on the economic development. Also, these few studies did not differentiate between the developed and developing economies. Both of the developing and developed economies take different ways to develop. Also, cities are highly heterogeneous across the two types of economies. The literature has provided numerous theories to both describe and predict the urban growth. A large number of the urban growth stems from the spatial economics and economic geography that mainly focus on the concentrations associated with the economic activities. Researchers have concentrated on the central place theory that was developed as a reemergence theory. According to the literature review, no country, has implemented the neoliberalism prototype that features its theoretical characteristics. The neoliberalism is still a debatable issue in social geography, there are still exchanges in opinions and the neoliberalism argues that the globalization is the favorite aspect in the discussion. Also, the geographical debate extends to include the spatial effects of neoliberalism and the territorial variations from one side and the definitional difficulties from the other side. A major aspect of criticism that has been directed to the neoliberalism is the usage of the term in virtual contexts and treating it as a variable that explains most of the social phenomenon. On the other side, from an economic welfare perspective, the governmental interference in planning the housing market is essential to manage the environmental externalities and correct the market failures. The diverse body of literature reveals the necessity of realizing the differences in the housing markets and regulations of the use of land. In relation to this, however, the neoliberalism of housing gained the support of homeowners and private investors in housing, the usage of governmental rent subsidies and vouchers have enabled the low-income families to rent houses in the private market. The urban growth theories have considered the role of the government in the process of affordable housing creation in the form of inclusionary zones. The role of the public institutions could not be neglected, especially for certain groups of low-income people and in crisis time by introducing financial incentives to the private and nonprofit sector to encourage them to get involved in the growth of the affordable housing growth. This approach is considered among the new approaches that take place as a public reform policy in many countries. Despite of, the increasing popularity of the inclusionary zones among the policymakers, there is a lack of imperial research on the effectiveness of these programs. No evidence exists about the real production of housing they produce in fact, their direct impact on the price and quantity of housing in the real market. The research that exists only examines certain case studies. The policies targeting lower income groups still have many limitation s that were clearly obvious as a consequence of the recent global financial crisis. At the time that the rental subsidies are directed to the low income and special needs groups through a planned process, they are heavily dependent on the support of capital funding and the buoyant market conditions. Although, the ecological modernization theorists strongly criticize the social constructivism, but they do not deny the social environmental problems. Conclusions The local plans are usually conducted by the local authority within a legal framework and imposed by the top levels in the state. Significant results were achieved from the comparison between the plans implemented by the local authorities and the physical outcomes on the ground. The link between the land planning strategies and the housing price rates are due to the formulation of the strategic spatial policies. The capture theory assumes that the political intervention is not enough to solve the problems of market failures as the monopoly behaviour, the destructive use of private economic power and high competition. Sustainability issues and environmental problems led the planners to consider the importance of the green belt. Urbanization cannot exist without industrialization. The concept of modernization involves the structural and institutional processes of transforming from traditional methods of production to modern methods that reflect the ways of life. The theory of growth machine that discusses on the urban growth through the examination of the relationship between the business elites seeking to maximize their profits and the government that seeks to raise the public revenues through the urban development. Neoliberalism started as a political-economic movement in various advanced countries during the the period (1970s and 1980s). The neoliberalism influenced the housing policy by shaping the housing provision, economic conditions and the property rights. The inclusionary housing approach focuses on the necessity of offering affordable housing across local areas or in certain regions. Public grants and incentives, including a tax credit for low-income zones, are considered the sources of finance to the affordable housing. To ensure fairness, the main characteristics of the inclusionary zone programs determine the rate of the effective tax and its impact on the prices of housing land and housing production in the inclusionry zones. The voluntary incentive models that deals with the provision of the affordable housing depend on market actors that are hard to be predicted. The planning system is considered as an important mechanism to ensure that the affordable housing is well located in relation to the availability of other social services and employment opportunities. References Amati, M Taylor, L 2010, 'From green belts to green infrastructure', Planning, Practice Research, vol 25, no. 2, pp. 143155. Bengston, D, Fletcher, J Nelson, K 2004, 'Public policies for managing urban growth and protecting open space: policy instruments and lessons learned in the United States', Landscape and Urban Planning, vol 69, pp. 271286. Bertinelli, L Strobl, E 2007, 'Urbanisation, urban concentration and economic development', Urban Studies, vol 44, no. 13, pp. 24992510. Brenner, N, Peck, J Theodore, N 2010, 'After Neoliberalization?', Globalizations, vol 7, no. 3, pp. 327345. 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Nielsen, E 2014, 'Smart growth machines: The ecological modernization of urban political economy', in From sustainable to resilient cities: Global concerns and urban efforts, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ozden, K Enwere, C 2012, 'Urbanization and its political challenges in developing countries', Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, vol 5, no. 10, pp. 99-120. Reher, D 2012, 'Population and the economy during the dempgraphic transition', Institute of Economic Affairs, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Sager, T 2011, 'Neo-liberal urban planning policies: A literature survey 19902010', Progress in Planning, vol 76, pp. 147199. Schuetz, J, Meltzer, R Been, V 2011, 'Silver bullet or trojan horse? The effects of inclusionary zoning on local housing markets in the United States', Urban Studies, vol 48, no. 2, pp. 297329. Smith, J Floyd, M 2013, 'The urban growth machine, central place theory and access to open space', City, Culture and Society, vol 4, no. 2, pp. 87-98. 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